The complex SLM is crucial for digital three-dimensional (3D) holographic displays 30. In particular, the complex SLM, which modulates the amplitude and phase of the incident light, is highly applicable to numerous engineering fields with display applications. It has been agreed that the fundamental solution to overcoming this problem is genuine complex light modulation, which means simultaneous control of both the amplitude and phase in a single pixel level. Other well-known approaches are encoding additional computer-generated hologram (CGH) design algorithm to a phase-only SLM 25, 28, 29, but they made the system time-consuming or offer the modulation at only restricted field. Some approaches implemented the additional systems to filter the noises 26, 27 yet most made the system less efficient or bulky. A number of research have attempted to overcome these issues. Though a number of SLM approaches with amplitude or phase-only modulation have been introduced, most suffer from several types of noise problem, such as DC and conjugate noises 12, 24, 25. ![]() The development of SLM technology have been raised in variety of directions such as transmission-type liquid crystal panel 1, 2, 11, 18, 19, reflection-type liquid crystal on Silicon (LCoS) 5, 8, 20, reflection-type digital micro-mirror device (DMD) 4, 10, and recently emerging active metaphotonics SLM 21, 22, 23. ![]() Achieving the controllability of wave optic field distribution with high efficiency and low noise is highly desirable in common for the transmission-type SLM and reflection-type SLM 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. The modulation performance of SLMs sets a fundamental limitation to the overall performance of wave-optic based technologies. Moreover, the SLMs have been extensively used to wave optic technologies such as beam steering 7, optical communications 8, 9, advanced microscopy and biomedical imaging 10, 11. The digital holography technology such as holographic imaging and holographic display are the representative field that get benefit from the SLM technology 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. The spatial light modulator (SLM), an essential device that directly modulates wavefront of light wave, provides a way of wave field synthesis and modification at the design level. ![]() Synthesis of wave field is a fundamental technology.
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